Indian Land Unit Converter (2025/2026)
Convert state-specific land records (7/12 extract, Khatoni, Patta) instantly between Guntha, Bigha, Cent, Gaj, Ground, Acre, and Square Feet with built-in plot valuation.
Enter Land Measurement
Standard Indian Units💰 Plot Valuation & Stamp Duty Estimator
📜 State Revenue Rules of Thumb
- Maharashtra (Saat-Baara / 7/12): 1 Guntha = 1,089 sq ft. Exactly 40 Gunthas equal 1 Acre.
- UP & Bihar: 1 Pucca Bigha = 27,225 sq ft = 20 Biswa. 1.6 Bighas = 1 Acre.
- Tamil Nadu & Kerala: 1 Cent = 435.6 sq ft. Exactly 100 Cents equal 1 Acre.
- Punjab & Haryana: 1 Killa = 1 Acre = 8 Kanals = 160 Marlas.
Indian Land Measurement Units Reference Chart
Standard conversion values recognized by state revenue departments and sub-registrar offices.
| Unit Name | State / Primary Region | Square Feet (Sq. Ft.) | Square Yards (Gaj) | Acre Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Guntha | Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa | 1,089 sq ft | 121 Gaj | 0.025 Acre (1/40 Acre) |
| 1 Cent | Tamil Nadu, Kerala, AP, Telangana | 435.6 sq ft | 48.4 Gaj | 0.010 Acre (1/100 Acre) |
| 1 Ground | Tamil Nadu (Urban Chennai) | 2,400 sq ft | 266.67 Gaj | 0.055 Acre |
| 1 Pucca Bigha | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar | 27,225 sq ft | 3,025 Gaj | 0.625 Acre |
| 1 Bigha / Vigha | Rajasthan, Gujarat | 17,424 sq ft | 1,936 Gaj | 0.400 Acre |
| 1 Killa | Punjab, Haryana | 43,560 sq ft | 4,840 Gaj | 1.000 Acre |
| 1 Kanal | Punjab, Haryana, J&K, HP | 5,445 sq ft | 605 Gaj | 0.125 Acre (1/8 Acre) |
| 1 Marla | Punjab, Haryana | 272.25 sq ft | 30.25 Gaj | 0.00625 Acre |
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between Pucca Bigha and Kachha Bigha?
Pucca Bigha is the standard legal measurement recognized in formal land registration (27,225 sq ft in UP). Kachha Bigha is a traditional rustic sub-unit typically equal to one-third of a Pucca Bigha (9,075 sq ft), used colloquially by village elders.
How is 1 Gaj related to 1 Square Yard?
1 Gaj is the exact Indian vernacular synonym for 1 Square Yard ($3\text{ feet} \times 3\text{ feet} = 9\text{ square feet}$). In North Indian cities like Delhi, Gurgaon, and Noida, property plots are predominantly quoted in Gaj.
How is Stamp Duty calculated on land purchases?
Stamp duty is calculated as a state-mandated percentage (typically 5% to 7% across most Indian states) applied either on the registered market sale consideration or the state Government's circle rate / ready reckoner rate (whichever is higher).
Indian Land Unit Conversion Architecture (2025/2026)
Land transactions across India operate across a patchwork of regional survey systems: Guntha in the Deccan, Cent and Ground in the South, Kanal and Marla in the Northwest, and Bigha and Biswa in the Gangetic plains.
Mathematical Derivation & Variable Explanations: Multi-unit land conversion is executed via a standardized two-step pivot transformation into SI Square Feet ($S$):
- Pivot Transformation Formula:
$$S = U_{\text{input}} \times M_{\text{source}}; \quad U_{\text{output}} = \frac{S}{M_{\text{target}}}$$where $M$ is the immutable statutory square foot multiplier for that specific cadastral unit.
- Southern India Cadastral Benchmarks:
• Cent: $1 \text{ Cent} = 435.6 \text{ sq ft} = \frac{1}{100} \text{ Acre}$ (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh).• Ground: $1 \text{ Ground} = 2,400 \text{ sq ft}$ (standard residential plot unit in Chennai).• Guntha: $1 \text{ Guntha} = 1,089 \text{ sq ft} = 33 \text{ ft} \times 33 \text{ ft} = \frac{1}{40} \text{ Acre}$ (Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana).
- Northern & Northwestern India Benchmarks:
• Kanal: $1 \text{ Kanal} = 5,445 \text{ sq ft} = 20 \text{ Marlas} = \frac{1}{8} \text{ Acre}$ (Punjab, Haryana, J&K, HP).• Marla: $1 \text{ Marla} = 272.25 \text{ sq ft} = 9 \text{ Sarsahi}$.• Biswa: $1 \text{ Biswa} = 1,361.25 \text{ sq ft} = \frac{1}{20} \text{ Pucca Bigha}$ (UP, Rajasthan, Haryana).
- Metric & Imperial Constants:
$$1 \text{ Acre} = 43,560 \text{ sq ft} = 4,046.86 \text{ sq meters}; \quad 1 \text{ Hectare} = 107,639 \text{ sq ft} = 2.47105 \text{ Acres}$$
- Gunter's Chain Survey Standards & Metrication Laws: Imperial British revenue surveys introduced Gunter's survey chain measuring exactly 66 feet (22 yards). One statutory Acre is precisely defined as an area of 10 square chains ($66 \text{ ft} \times 660 \text{ ft} = 43,560 \text{ sq ft}$). Following the Standards of Weights and Measures Act 1976, all formal legal property deeds in India must declare parcel areas in standard metric square meters alongside traditional cadastral units (Gunthas, Cents, Kanals) to ensure unified judicial admissibility.
- Real Estate Carpet Area Disclosure Mandates: Under Section 2(k) of RERA 2016, real estate property conveyancing must clearly disclose the precise net usable floor area (Carpet Area) excluding external walls, service shafts, and common corridors. Converting gross plot boundaries measured in traditional regional units (such as Grounds or Gunthas) into RERA-compliant carpet square footage requires deducting statutory setback margins (typically 10% to 25%) and applying state municipal Floor Space Index (FSI) or Floor Area Ratio (FAR) multiplier coefficients.
Realistic Solved Scenarios: Cross-Regional Land Measurements
Input: 4 Gunthas (Residential plot)
Calculation: 4 × 1,089 sq ft = 4,356 sq ft
In Square Yards: 4,356 ÷ 9 = 484 sq yards
In Cents: 4,356 ÷ 435.6 = 10 Cents
Input: 2.5 Grounds
Calculation: 2.5 × 2,400 sq ft = 6,000 sq ft
In Cents: 6,000 ÷ 435.6 = 13.77 Cents
In Square Meters: 557.4 sq meters
Input: 16 Kanals of farmland
Calculation: 16 × 5,445 sq ft = 87,120 sq ft
In Acres: 87,120 ÷ 43,560 = 2.00 Acres (2 Killas)
In Marlas: 16 × 20 = 320 Marlas
Pan-India Land Measurement Equivalence Table
| Cadastral Unit | Primary Region / States | Square Feet (Sq Ft) | Square Yards | Fraction of 1 Acre |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guntha | MH, KA, TS, AP, GJ | 1,089 sq ft | 121 sq yd | 1/40 Acre (0.025) |
| Cent | TN, KL, AP, TS | 435.6 sq ft | 48.4 sq yd | 1/100 Acre (0.01) |
| Ground | Tamil Nadu (Chennai) | 2,400 sq ft | 266.67 sq yd | 0.0551 Acre |
| Kanal | PB, HR, HP, J&K | 5,445 sq ft | 605 sq yd | 1/8 Acre (0.125) |
| Marla | PB, HR, HP, J&K | 272.25 sq ft | 30.25 sq yd | 1/160 Acre |
| Biswa | UP, HR, RJ, UK | 1,361.25 sq ft | 151.25 sq yd | 1/32 Acre (0.03125) |
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
How many square feet are in 1 Guntha?
One Guntha equals exactly 1,089 square feet (33 feet × 33 feet). 40 Gunthas make exactly 1 Acre (43,560 sq ft).
How many Cents are in 1 Acre?
One Acre equals exactly 100 Cents. Therefore, 1 Cent equals 435.6 square feet.
What is the relationship between Kanal and Marla?
In Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir, 1 Kanal equals exactly 20 Marlas (5,445 sq ft). 8 Kanals make 1 Acre or Killa.
What is a Ground in Tamil Nadu property transactions?
A Ground is a traditional land measurement in Tamil Nadu, particularly Chennai, defined as exactly 2,400 square feet.
How do I convert Square Meters to Square Feet?
Multiply the square meter area by 10.7639 (or divide by 0.0929). For example, 100 sq meters = 1,076.39 sq ft.
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